Mozambique flag
Mozambique in Africa
Mozambique
Ambassade auprès de la Confédération suisse, Mission Permanente auprès de l'Office des Nations Unies et des autres organisations internationales, Mission Permanente auprès de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce
Situation
Mozambique is situated on the Southeast Coast of Africa. To the East is the Indian Ocean, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia are to the North, to the West, Zimbabwe and South Africa and to the South, Swaziland and South Africa.
The total area of Mozambique is 799 380 km2 from North to South, to the East it has a coastline with the Indian Ocean for over 2515 km. The more south we go the narrower the land becomes, its widest point being the Central Northern region, between the Coast and the point where the rivers Arángua and Zambeze meet. The narrowest southern point, in the Namaacha region is only 47, 5 km wide.
From the coastal plains inland, the land changes abruptly form a narrow palm-studded strip of beach along the coast to a broad belt of savannah and woodland then forested mountains. Forty percent of the territory has an altitude rising to 200 meters; Cabo Delgado, Nampula and the interior of Inhambane, are plateaus of 200 to 600 meters and further on between Manica and Sofala the land forms mountains with heights above 1000 meters. The highest points of the country are in the mountainous region located by the border. For example, Massururero on the slopes of Manica and Sofala is 2436 meters high, Picos Namuli has an altitude f 2419 meters and Serra de Forongosa is 2000 meters high.
Most of the country’s rivers flow eastwards to the Indian Ocean.
History
The first people to inhabit Mozambique were the Bushmen. Between 200 and 300 AD, the Bantu, a group with different ethnic strains but with similar characteristics, migrated from the Great Lake to the North and pushed the local people into the poorer areas in the South. Towards the end of the VI century, the Swahili-Arabs established trading posts to trade for gold, copper and iron.
The Portuguese reached Mozambique in the XV century, with the arrival of Pêro Covilhã on the coast and the landing of Vasco da Gamma on the Ilha de Moçambique. (Island of Mozambique). Form 1502 up until the middle of the XVIII century Portuguese interests in Mozambique were controlled by the Portuguese India administration.
Right from the outset, the Portuguese built “feitorias”, or trading posts. These were followed by the fort of Sofala built in 1507.
Only years later, in an attempt to take over the gold producing areas did they venture inland and establish new train posts. These trading posts were succeeded, at the end of the XVII century in the Vale do Zambeze, by “prazos” or privately owned agricultural estates. These lands were either donated or conquered, as the case may be. This period can be considered as the beginning of Portuguese colonization in Mozambique.
The “prazos” were discontinued in 1832, by royal decree, and the emergence of fiefdoms initiated the slave trade, which continued up to and even after the abolition of slavery in the Colonies in 1869.
The division of Africa between the European powers, determined in the Berlin Conference f 1884/1885, obliged the Portuguese to maintain permanent occupation of the territories assigned to them.
Financial and military difficulties made it impossible for Portugal to maintain its occupation; consequently, large areas of land were leased to private companies who became notorious for forced labour practices. These companies controlled the agricultural resources as well as manual labour up until the 1930.
Even so, colonial occupation was never a peaceful process. Various tribal chiefs such as Mawewe, Ngungunhana and Komala showed strong resistance right into the XX century. Just as had happened with the other Portuguese colonies, Mozambique also rose up against Portuguese colonial rule. On the 25 September 1964, armed fighting broke out led by FRELIMO-The Mozambique Liberation Front- This party was a joint force of three movements that had organized themselves in exile.
The first leader of the movement was Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane and after his death on the 3rd of February 1969, Samora Moises Machel assumed leadership to become the first President of the Republic of Mozambique on the 25th of June 1975.
In 1977, civil war broke out, between FRELIMO and RENAMO (National Resistance Party of Mozambique) and lasted for 15 years, until 1992, when a peace accord was finally signed by both parties.
The first elections took place in 1994 and victory was obtained by Presidente Joaquim Alberto Chissano who had succeeded Samora Machel as party leader and President after Samora Machel died in a plane crash, in neighbouring South Africa.
Mozambique today is a democratic country holding its own elections as foreseen in the Constitution. The last elections ran smoothly in December 2004, Armando Emilio Guebuza, the Frelimo leader was elected President.
Population
Due to its strategically privileged position in the Southern part of the African Continent, its easily accessible vast coastline, abundant in fish and its fertile lands, Mozambique has been the home of various peoples and cultures, including the Bantu form Central Africa, Arabs, Indians and Europeans.
The Bantu are the most important however. This group made up of a number of different groups with a common culture and similar dialects originated the main ethnic groups such as the “Yaos”, the “Macuas”, the “Angones”, the “Nhanjas”, the “Tongas”, the “Bitongas” and the “Muchopes” who can be found living in groups and sub-groups, in this same order, from North to South.
Apart from the descendents of the Bantu group, another strong influence is the Swahili, located on the coast and responsible for introducing Islam to Mozambique. Indians and Europeans are also to be found in various parts of the country.
The present day population of Mozambique is in the order of 18 million, 13% of which live in the main urban centres, such as Maputo, Beira and Nampula.
Culture
Mozambique has always made its mark at international level in the areas of architecture, art, literature and poetry.
Name such as Malangatana, Mia Couto and José Craveirinha amongst others, are already well known outside Mozambique.
Various athletes are also well known in quite a number of sporting activities, in particular the international athlete Lurdes Mutola.
The creative local handicraft is of course very representative of the artistic spirit of the Mozambique people. Worthy of special mention are the intricate and bizarre black ebony woodcarvings of the Macondes to be found in the north of the country.
Climate
The climate of Mozambique, influenced by the monsoons from the Indian Ocean and the hot current of the Mozambique Canal, is generally tropical and humid. The dry season, in the Centre/North lasts for about four to six months, where as in the South, the dry tropical climate lasts between six and nine months.
The rainy season is between October and April.
In the mountainous areas, the climate is typical of tropical conditions to be found at high altitudes.
Average temperatures are around 20° in the South and 26° in the North.
Highest temperatures are normally registered during the rainy season.
Beaches
The Mozambique coast faces the Indian Ocean and because of its climate, warm waters and vast beach area is rich in many marine specials, some of which are unfortunately in danger of extinction.
In the North the beaches are mainly rocky, where as in the Centre, situated near the river mouths, we find what can be described as dry riverbed beaches bordered by extensive mangroves.
The sandy beaches are to be found in the South, with high dunes covered with low rough vegetation.
Parallel to the coast, are isolated or groups of islands, some of which provide the tourist with good conditions in terms of lodging and the opportunity to observe the very varied vegetation and fascinating wildlife.
Historic monuments are also to be found on these islands, a testimony to the Arabs and Europeans who settled there. The magnificent transparent waters are an irresistible invitation to go swimming, snorkelling and diving and admire the extraordinarily beautiful coral reef and the underwater marine life.
The best known beaches along the coast noted for their visitor orientated infra-structures are: Pemba, Bazaruto, Bilene, Inhaca, Inhambane Marracuene, Morrungulo, Ponta de Ouro, Ponta de Malongane, Tofo, Xai-Xai, Zongoene, Ilha de Moçambique, Fernão Veloso, Chocas, Vilanculos and Inhassoro.
Landscapes Flora and Fauna
Mozambique is very rich in both land and sea fauna and flora.
The type of land and climate has created three different varieties of vegetation: dense forestland in the high parts of the North and Centre of the country, woodland and savannah in the South and mangroves along the coastline.
In terms of wild life, the main species to be found in these ecosystems are elephants, lions, leopards, cheetahs, hippopotamus, antelopes, tortoises and monkey sand varied species of bird life.
Apart from the wild life, there are beautiful landscapes and views to be admired both along the coast and in the higher mountainous areas.
To allow the visitor to once again appreciate these magnificent natural surroundings, which were seriously affected by the war, a number of parks are being recuperated such as, Gorongosa which was one of the best in Africa, other special reserves, in particular the one in Maputo, famous for its elephants, Marromeu at the mouth of the Zambezi, the home of many buffalo and also partial reserves such as Gilé, northwest of Quelimane and Niassa, on the banks of the river Rovuma.
The natural reserve of Bazaruto offshore is well known for its exotic birds, coral reefs and protected marine species such as, dolphins, marine turtles and also the dugong.
Useful Information
Airports
A well laid out airport system makes domestic air travel within Mozambique quick and safe.
The airports of Maputo, Beira and Nampula are open to international traffic. Regional traffic uses Pemba and Vilanculos.
Border Control Posts
The existing posts are to found at
Ressano Garcia (06h00-19h00), Namaacha (07h00-20h00),
Goba (07h00-20h00), Ponta d’ouro (07h30-17h30),
Machipanda (06h00-18h00), Chuchamano (06h00-18h00),
Zóbwè (06h00-18h00), Milange (06h00-18h00) e
Mandimba (06h00-18h00)
It is recommended that visitors arrive well before the stipulated closing times.
Ports
Maputo, Beira, Nacala and Pemba
Visas
Any visitor wishing to visit the country must obtain a visa from the Mozambique Consulate or Embassy. It is necessary to present a passport, two recent photographs and fill in the respective form.
Visas can be obtained at the frontiers for a 30 day visit. South Africa, Swaziland, Malawi and Tanzania in the base of agreements are exempt of visas.
Customs
Upon arrival visitors must declare those articles subject to custom duties.
Free of tax are objects of personal use such as clothing, books and cameras
Each visitor is allowed:
Tobacco: 400 cigarettes or 100 small cigars or 50
big cigars or 250 g of loose tobacco;
Alcoholic drinks: 1 litre of spirits and 2, 25 l of wine;
Perfume: 50 ml of perfume;
Medication: reasonable quantities for personal use.
Other articles not exceeding USD 50;
Narcotics and Pornographic material are prohibited;
Transport of arms must have a special license;
Any transactions with customs should include the respective receipt.
Entry of Vehicles on Tourist or Business Trips Belonging to or Driven by Non-Residents
A temporary import license is required upon entry into the country.
Vehicles imported temporarily cannot be sold or lent out and the owners must present temporary import documentation whenever requested.
Identification
It is obligatory to carry identification at all times. An authenticated photocopy of the same is allowed.
Health
All visitors must be in possession of a certificate declaring that they have been vaccinated against yellow fever. Precautions should be taken to avoid mosquito bites and extra care taken when drinking water and eating local tropical food so as to minimize the risk of intestinal upsets so frequent in tropical climates.
Should medical assistance be required, well-equipped clinics are available
Electrical supply
Local voltage is 220/240 V 50 Hz
Water
Although local water is reasonably safe, visitors are advised to drink the good quality bottled water available in most urban and tourist centres.
Post offices
The main urban centres provide the necessary postal services. Express Mail, such as DHL and EMS are also available.
Climate
In the North and along the coast, the climate is tropical and humid, in the Interior, the South and in the Province of Tete, tropical dry and in Gaza, tropical arid.
The rainy season is between October and April, with temperatures between 27° and 29° and the dry season between May and September with temperatures between 18° and 20°.
Driving
In Mozambique driving is on the left.
All drivers must carry the following documents: Identification, driver’s license, car registration, insurance when applicable a temporary import license for towing caravans, boats, etc.
Seat belts are obligatory as is the emergency triangle in case of breakdown or accident. Access to certain regions often depends on weather condition; consequently it is advisable to obtain information on certain routes before planning a journey.
Language
The official language is Portuguese.
In general people understand and speak some English.
Outside the urban areas, each region has its own dialect.
Currency
The local currency is the metical-
Dollars and Rand are accepted in many places.
Exchange is easily available in the banks and exchange agencies. Credit cards and traveller’s cheques are accepted in most establishments.
Local time
GMT + 2 hours
Public holidays
January 1st New Year’s Day
February3 Mozambique’s Heroes Day
April 7 Mozambique‘s Women’s Day
May 1st Labour Day
June 25 Independence Day
September 7 Lusaka Agreement Day
September 25 Armed Forces’ Day
October 4 Peace Day
December 25 Family Day
Telephones
Worldwide direct connections are available, using the international code or telephone operator if necessary.
From abroad dial 258 (country code) followed by number required.
There are two mobile operators, 82 and 84